What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?

Copying a computer program can be literal, where the program code itself is copied, in which case the two programs are written in the same computer programming language. Alternatively, copying can be non-literal, where elements of the program such as its structure, sequence of operations, functions, interfaces and methodologies are copied but the program code is not directly copied.

Literal copying occurs where a person copies an existing program by disk to disk copying or by writing out or printing the program listing, perhaps to key it into another computer at a later date. In either case, the person making the copy may make some alterations to the copy. These may be to disguise its origins or to enhance the program, for example, by adding some additional functions. Literal copying is relatively easy for infringement. Even relatively small programs will be the result of the programmer's skill, experience and judgment. The following case in the first to seriously consider the issues relating to literal copying of computer programs and lays down some important precedents for software copyright.

The law's recognition of non-literal copying is important because otherwise it would be too easy to defeat copyright protection of computer programs. With some works of copyright, it is an easy matter to distinguish between the literal and non-literal elements. For example, with a work of literature, perhaps in the form of an historical novel, the literal element comprises the words, sentences and paragraphs as expressed in print, while the non-literal elements, in which case they may have their own copyright independent of the copyright subsisting in the finished novel. However, in the absence of such materials, it is clear that taking the non-literal elements can infringe.

You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• What is Cyber-law?
• What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?
• What is intellectual property law?
• Defining e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government

You can view the following other posts

• List of bad ways for building backlinks
• List of good ways of building quality backlinks
• List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks
• Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

Solved Objective Questions of System Analysis and Design set-5

1. ……………….. includes review of the existing procedures and information flow.

A) Feasibility Study

B) Feasibility report

C) System Design

D) System analysis

2. A rectangle in a DFD represents

A) a process

B) a data store

C) an external entity

D) an input unit

3. …………….. refers to the collection of information pertinent to systems Project.

A) Data transfer

B) Data gathering

C) Data Embedding

D) Data Request

4. ………………….. means coordinated effort, to communicate the information of the system written form.

A) System documentation

B) Resource required

C) Development schedule

D) User Document

5. MDP stands for

A) Master Development Plan

B) Master Design Program

C) Mandatory Database Program

D) Master Database Plan

6. External Entities may be a

A) Source of input data only

B) Source of input data or destination of results

C) Destination of results only

D) Repository of data

7. …………………. is a group of interested components working together towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.

A) System

B) Network

C) Team

D) System Unit

8. To create vehicle of information to provide evidence in the development process and to monitor the process. This is one of the objectives of

A) Analysis

B) Design

C) Development

D) Documentation

9. A …………. System is no more than idea

A) Conceptual

B) Logical

C) Physical

D) All of the above

10. By an external entity we mean a

A) Unit outside the system being designed which can be controlled by an analyst.

B) Unit outside the system whose behavior is independent of the system being designed

C) A unit external to the system being designed

D) A unit which is not part of a DFD

Answers:

1.   A) Feasibility Study 2.   C) an external entity 3.   B) Data gathering 4.   A) System documentation 5.   A) Master Development Plan

6.   B) Source of …… destination   of results 7.   A) System 8.   D) Documentation 9.   A) Conceptual 10.   C) A unit external …… being designed

You Might also view the following Related Posts 

• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-1
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-2
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3

You can view the following other posts

• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

For other more Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): Click Here

MCQ of System Analysis and Design with answer set-4

1. The rate of ……………. Is always an important factor for management especially in relation to the rate of return

A) Cost

B) Benefit

C) Sales

D) Investment

2. Which of the following is / are the Characteristics of information?

A) Accuracy and Relevance

B) Form of information and Timeliness

C) Completeness and Purpose

D) All A, B & C

3. The data Flow Diagram is the basic component of …………… system

A) Conceptual

B) Logical

C) Physical

D) None of the above

4. State True or False.

i) Master Development Plan basically is a schedule of various applications to be comprised.

ii) It consists of start and finish dates of a system analysis, design implementation and maintenance activities.

A) i-True, ii-True

B) i-False, ii-True

C) i-True, ii-False

D) i-False, ii-False

5. The Key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis is / are ……………….

A) Economic

B) Technical

C) Behavioral

D) A, B, C

6. Data cannot flow between two data stores because

A) it is not allowed in DFD

B) a data store is a passive repository of data

C) data can get corrupted

D) they will get merged

7. …………………… is a schedule of various applications to be computerized.

A) Materials planning

B) Master development Plan

C) Manufacturing organization

D) None of the above

8. ……………. Costs for a computer based information system include the salaries of the system analysts and computer programmers. ………… costs for a computer based information system include the salaries of the computer operator and other data processing personnel.

A) Development, Development

B) Development, Operating

C) Operating, Development

C) Operating, Operating

9. The characteristics of well designed system are

a) Practical          b) Effective         c) Secure             d) Reliable           e) Flexible           f) Economical

A) a, b, c and d

B) a, c, d and e

C) a, b, c, d and e

D) a, b, c, d, e and f

10. …………….. gives defining the flow of the data through and organization or a company or series of tasks that may or may not represent computerized processing.

A) System process

B) System flowchart

C) System design

D) Structured System

Answers:

1.   D) Investment 2.   D) All A, B & C 3.   B) Logical 4.   A) i-True, ii-True 5.   D) A, B, C

6.   D) they will get merged 7.   B) Master development Plan 8.   B) Development, Operating 9.   D) a, b, c, d, e and f 10.   B) System flowchart

You Might also view the following Related Posts 

• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-1
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-2
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3

You can view the following other posts

• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

For other more Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): Click Here

Top 10 article writing tips for blogger.

If you want to see your blog at the top ranking and want to get lot of quality traffic. For getting top position for your blog in the major search engines like Google, Yahoo and Bing, writing quality original articles is most important task along with Search Engine Optimization (SEO). You should write such quality articles that your visitors be interested to read that. From my writing experience and knowledge about it, I have decided some top key factors for creating original content-full and quality article and listed them here.

1. To start your writing you should select good Title for the article which can attract the visitors. The first 3-5 words of your article Title determine the success of your article in terms of how much traffic your article will generate to your site. So select such title which have must searchable keywords. 
2. Choose and create the list of top keywords related to your chosen article topic by using one of the best keyword research sites. You can also use Google keyword tool for keyword research. 
3. Start to write an article by using those collected keywords in appropriate places in natural manner. Be careful, excessive use of keywords in un-natural manner may harm. 
4. Do not write too short or too long article. It should be written between 250 to 700 words and writing about 500 words is the best. You can use any of the several styles like using bullet list, numbered list, question and answer approach, discussion of issues for creating articles. 
5. Separate your article at least into three parts as introduction or summery part, main body part and conclusion part. 
6. At the first part you should write the introduction or the summery of the whole article which can inspire the viewers to read more. 
7. The main body part of the article should impart your expert strategies, tips and knowledge. It may be bullet-ed or numbered list for easily reading. Use Bold and Italics occasionally to attract the reader to those points, but not use them in excessive amount. 
8. At the conclusion part of the article, write your personal view about that topic and words to retrieve the readers view and reaction about the topic and article. 
9. Proof your work after finishing the writing for spelling and grammatical errors in any part of your article. Read thoroughly each word from starting to ending and catch the mistakes and correct them. 
10. While publishing your article don't forget to include the words of your article title in the URL address of the article. For example, as the URL address given for this article.

You are welcomed to write your view about above points or you can suggest, if you know any other good ideas about writing quality articles as comment in the comment session.

You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• List of bad ways for building backlinks
• List of good ways of building quality backlinks
• List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks
• What are the technical limitations of twitter accounts?
• List of sites to create shortcut URL for your bog or site
• The list of social bookmarking sites
• List of Top Social Exchange sites
• The 12 steps to become a successful blogger
• Top 12 things needs to know by the Facebook user
• The secret about that data received by the Facebook from you

You can view the following other posts

• Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

What is the scope of computer science or IT study?

UDXKU67AY6AW Most of the sectors or the fields of study started from hundreds of years ago and going to be on saturation for their scope but IT sector is such one sector which is not as others. So far using computers was in IT specific offices and organizations but now they are widely using in almost every sectors like Automobiles, Banking, Business, Communication, Defense, Education, Electronics, Entertainment, Finance, Manufacturing, Marketing etc. So Jobs for computer science or IT engineer will always be there in IT as well as non IT fields. Its range is wide and scope is high, so have many opportunities in technology and other industries.

Now, almost all the universities of the world started to produce IT professionals by launching different IT degree programs like Bachelor in Computer Application (BCA), Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT), Bachelor of Science in Computer Science etc. for undergraduate studies and Master in Computer Application (MCA), Master of Science in Information Technology (MScIT), Master of Science in Computer Science etc. for post graduate studies. On the basis of interest and the tasks performed by the workers new areas of specialization were established today. As such specialization Software Engineer may be computer programmer, System Analyst, System Designer, Network Administrator, Database Administrator, Information System Manager, Online Editor, Software quality Analyst, Trainer, Web designer and developer, Graphic Designer etc. 

Software engineers having such specialized post, each have distinct responsibilities. For example System Analyst analyze the software to develop, System Designer design the program after analyzing that and finally computer programmer converts the designed program to executable codes. System Engineer work with different systems, databases and correcting problems, Computer security Engineer face the challenge of beating hackers, spammers and the like. 

Thus the field of the computer Science or IT is very huge and also increasing its scope day by day. Millions of new jobs were generated for each year in the world. So if you are interested in the field of IT and want to establish your career in the field of IT, you can join for any IT degree programs by selecting the best college or university. I wish for your brighten future. 

You can view the following other posts

• What is Cyber-law?
• What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?
• Defining e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government
• Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

What is intellectual property law?

Intellectual property is that area of law which concerns legal rights associated with creative effort or commercial reputation and goodwill. The subject matter or intellectual property is very wide and includes literally and artistic works, films, computer programs, inventions, design and marks used by traders for their goods or services. The law deters others from copying or taking unfair advantage of the work or reputation of another and provides remedies should this happen. There are several different forms of rights or areas of law giving rise to rights that together make up intellectual property including Copyright, Patents and Trademarks.

Copyright law is one of the intellectual property law which includes protecting the photography, sound recordings, films and broadcasting, computer programs, databases, preparatory material and associated documentation(in printed or electronic form) from being unauthorized copying, uses or distribution. As with any other literary work, the copyright in a computer program is infringed by making, without the copyright owner's license, a copy of the program or of a substantial part of it. Substantiality is an issue of quality and therefore the copyright subsisting in a computer program can be infringed if the 'essence' of the program is copied, even if the part copied is relatively small quantitatively. 

Any human being who invents, their inventions are protected by the law called patents law. The inventor his invention cannot exclude rivals from manufacturing or using it. But he could expect an income commensurate with the extent of the use of his invention by others. Where revenue derived from this use very substantially exceeds his R and D costs, it may well provide him with a substantial benefit. 

Along with patents and copyright, trademarks constitute a key component of system of intellectual property rights. Trademark is any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. It may in particular, consist of words, designs, letters, numbers or sale of goods or their packaging. Details of trademarks are recorded in the register of trademarks, a document which is open. Microsoft and Google both are the examples of registered trademarks.

You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• What is Cyber-law?
• What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?
• What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?
• Defining e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government

You can view the following other posts

• List of bad ways for building backlinks
• List of good ways of building quality backlinks
• List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks
• Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3
• Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3
• Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2
• Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3
• MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2
• MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4

What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?

Cyber crime refers to all the activities done with criminal intent in cyberspace or using the medium of Internet. These could be either the criminal activities in the conventional sense or activities, newly evolved with the growth of the new medium. Any activity, which basically offends human sensibilities, can be included in the ambit of Cyber crimes.

Because of the anonymous nature of Internet , it is possible to engage in a variety of criminal activities with impunity, and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to commit criminal activities in Cyberspace.

The field of the Cyber crime is just emerging and new forms of criminal activities in Cyberspace are coming to the forefront each day. For example, child pornography on Internet constitutes on serious cyber crime. Similarly, online pedophiles, using Internet to minor children into sex, are as much cyber criminals as any others.

There are basically Three major categories of Cyber crimes which are:

1. Cyber Crimes against persons: Cyber crimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer and cyber stalking. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography, indecent exposure, and child pornography, constitutes on of the most important cyber crimes today. Similarly, Cyber harassment is a distinct cyber crime. Various kind s of harassment's can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious or of any other nature.
2. Cyber crime against property: The second category of Cyber crimes is Cyber crimes against all forms of property. These crimes include unauthorized computer trespassing through cyberspace, computer vandalism, transmission of harmful programs and unauthorized possession of computerized information.
3. Cyber crimes against Government: Third category of Cyber crimes is Cyber crimes against Government. Cyber Terrorism is one distinct kind of crime in this category. The growth of Internet has shown that the medium of cyberspace is being used by individuals and groups of threaten international governments as also to terrorize the citizens of a country. This crime manifests itself into Cyber Terrorism when and individual "cracks" into a government or military maintained website, for the purpose of perpetuating terror.

 You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• What is Cyber-law?
• What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?
• What is intellectual property law?
• What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?
• Defining e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government