Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners

Following are the Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners.

i) Business-to-business (B2B)

     Business-to-business (B2B) is the exchange of products, services or information between business entities. Web based B-to-B includes:

•  Direct selling and support to business: In which customers can by and also get technical support from the business.
•  E-procurement (also known as industry portals): Where a purchasing agent can shop for supplies from vendors, request proposals, and in some cases, bid to make a purchase at a desired price.
•  Information sites: It provides information about a particular industry for its companies and their employees. These include specialized search sites and trade and industry standards organization sites.

ii) Business-to-consumer (B2C)

     The exchange of products, information or services between business and consumers in a retailing relationship. Some of the first examples of B-to-C e-commerce were amazon.com and dell.com in the USA and lastminutes.com in the UK. In this case, the 'c' represents either consumer or customer. 

iii) Business-to-Government(B2G)

The exchange of information, services and products between business organizations and government agencies on-line. This may include.

• E-procurement services: In which business learn about purchasing needs of agencies and provide services.
• A virtual workplace: In which business and government agency could coordinate the work on a contracted project by collaborating on-line to coordinate on-line meetings, review plans and manage progress.
• Rental of on-line application and databases: These are especially for use by government agencies.

iv) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

 In this category consumers interact directly with other consumers. They exchange information such as.

•  Expert knowledge: Where one person asks a question about anything and gets an e-mail reply from the community of other individuals, as in the case of the New York Times-affiliated abuzz.com website.
• ·Opinions: About companies and products, for example epinions.com

v) Government-to-Business (G2B)

      The exchange of information, services and products between government agencies and business organizations. Government sites now enable the exchange between government and business of:

• Information, guidance and advice for business on international trading, sources of funding and support, facilities.
• A database of laws, regulations and government policy for industry sectors.
• On-line application and submission of official forms.
• On-line payment facilities.

This improves accuracy, increases speed and reduces costs, so businesses are given financial incentives to use electronic-form submission and payment facilities.

vi) Government-to-Consumer (G2C)

Government sites offering information, forms and facilities to conduct transactions of individuals, including paying bills and submitting official forms on-line such as tax returns.

vii) Government-to-Government (G2G)

Government-to-government transactions within countries linking local governments together and also international governments.

You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• Defining e-commerce
• Development of e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government
• E-commerce Security Issues
• Risk of e-commerce
• Benefits of e-commerce

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Defining e-commerce

E-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing an executing business transactions using modern information technology. E-commerce is a ‘commerce based on bytes’. E-commerce, defined simply, is the commercial transaction of services in an electronic format. In general terms, e-commercial is a business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, traders and consumers to reduce costs while improving the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery. It may also be referred to as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Fund Transfer etc. E-commerce is not only about simple transactions of data but also general commercial acts such as publicity, advertisements, negotiations contracts and fund settlements. It refers to all forms of transactions relating to commercial activities including both organizations and individuals that are based upon the processing and transmission of digitized data, including text sound and visual images. E-commerce is thus a business practice and involves use of computers, computer system or computer networks. 

      The World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Declaration on E-commerce defines e-commerce as, “the production, distribution, marketing, sales of delivery of goods and services by electronic means”. The six main instruments of e-commerce that have been recognized by WTO are telephone, fax, TV, electronic payment and money transfer systems, EDI (electronic data interchange) and the internet. 

    EDI is the electronic transfer of standardized business transaction between a sender and receiver computer, over some kind of private network or Value Added Network (VAN). EDI was developed to integrate information across larger parts of an organization's value chain from design to maintenance so that manufacturers could share information with designers, maintenance and other partners and stakeholders.

    E-commerce has provided us a medium to facilitate commercial transactions in an efficient manner. Companies have moved up in the value chain by adopting the e-commerce practices. It should not be forgotten that every adoption of a new technology and new process would mean new ‘costs’ and ‘risks’. That is, adoption may or may not be successful. If the adoption is successful, then it becomes and established business practice in no time. If the If the adoption is unsuccessful then it is likely that the process of adoption may take some time, as the ‘learning’ phase is still not over. The first phase of e-commerce threw up a new business nomenclature using various permutations and combinations of ‘Business’ and ‘Consumers’, like ‘Business-to-Business’ (B2B), ‘Business-to-Consumer’ (B2C), ‘Consumer-to-Business’ (C2B) and ‘Consumer-to-Consumer’ (C2C).

What about E-Business?

As with e-commerce, e-business(electronic business) also has a number of different definitions and is used in a number of different contexts. Today, major corporations are rethinking their businesses in terms of the Internet an its new culture and capabilities and this is what some see as e-business.


E-business is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating wit business partners.

E-business includes customer service (e-service) and intra-business tasks.

E-business is the transformation of key business process through the use of Internet technologies. An e-business is a company that can adapt to constant and continual change.

You may also wanted to view the following related posts

• Defining e-commerce
• Development of e-commerce
• Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners
• Definition of E-Government
• Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government
• Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government
• E-commerce Security Issues
• Risk of e-commerce
• Benefits of e-commerce

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How to make USB boot drive to Install Windows ?

Creating or using an USB drive to install Windows operating systems is very easy if you follow the below mentioned steps.

TO Install Windows XP/Windows 7/Vista using bootable USB

By using command prompt:

1. Insert your USB (4GB+ preferable) stick to the system and backup all the data from the USB as we are going to format the USB to make it as bootable.

2. Open elevated Command Prompt. To do this, type in CMD in Start menu search field and hit Ctrl + Shift + Enter. Alternatively, navigate to Start > All programs >Accessories > right click on Command Prompt and select run as administrator.

3. When the Command Prompt opens, enter the following command:

DISKPART and hit enter.

LIST DISK and hit enter.

Once you enter the LIST DISK command, it will show the disk number of your USB drive. In the below image my USB drive disk no is Disk 1.

4. In this step you need to enter all the below commands one by one and hit enter. As these commands are self explanatory, you can easily guess what these commands do.

SELECT DISK 1 (Replace DISK 1 with your disk number)

CLEAN

CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY

SELECT PARTITION 1

ACTIVE

FORMAT FS=NTFS

(Format process may take few seconds)

ASSIGN

EXIT

Don’t close the command prompt as we need to execute one more command at the next step. Just minimize it.

5. Insert your Windows DVD in the optical drive and note down the drive letter of the optical drive and USB media. Here I use “D” as my optical (DVD) drive letter and “H” as my USB drive letter.

6. Go back to command prompt and execute the following commands:

D:CD BOOT and hit enter. Where “D” is your DVD drive letter.

CD BOOT and hit enter to see the below message.

BOOTSECT.EXE/NT60 H:

(Where “H” is your USB drive letter)

Copy Windows DVD contents to USB.

You are done with your bootable USB. You can now use this bootable USB as bootable DVD on any computer that comes with USB boot feature (most of the current motherboards support this feature).

If you are using Windows XP, try
BOOTSECT.EXE /NT52 H: 

By using windows application:

We can make USB boot drive by using USB installer for Windows XP, Vista, 7 with WinToFlash software application, must follow these steps.

1. You need the following at first.

•  A USB pen drive at least 4 GB. 
•  Windows installation CD/DVD or .iso disk image file. 
• An application called WinToFlash. 

2. You can download WinToFlash application from http://wintoflash.com/home/en/ 

                      OR 

You can download it directly from fiverdownload.com by using the following link. 

http://server3.fiberdownload.com/1_kits/Novicorp_WinToFlash.zip 

3. After downloading a zip file, extract it and open WinToFlash application.

    Then you can see the following screen.

4. Click on Next.

4. Click on I accept EULA and click on next.

5. Click on Quick Setup and click on next.

6. Click on Windows setup transfer wizard, give tick mark on always start in wizard mode and click on next.

7. Choose windows file path and USB drive and click on next. Your USB boot drive started to create.

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Systems Development

Introduction:

Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.  It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems and related technology.

Examination Objectives:

Determine if the board and management have established and maintained effective systems development methodology. This is accomplished through the following examination objectives:

• Board and Management Oversight – Assess the adequacy of systems development oversight by examining related policies, procedures, and methodology.

• Risk Assessment—determine the level of systems development activities existing within the institution.  If systems development activities for mission-critical systems are handled primarily through a service provider, evaluate management’s due diligence to ensure appropriate documentation and controls exist within the service provider’s development processes.  Assess the adequacy of the institution’s risk assessment process for systems development.

• Internal Controls—Evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and detective controls designed to identify material deficiencies on a timely basis. The internal audit function should identify systems development as an area for evaluation and review.

Feasibility studies

Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained. As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations. Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation.

Technical feasibility

The assessment is based on an outline design of system requirements in terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures. This can be quantified in terms of volumes of data, trends, frequency of updating, etc. in order to estimate whether the new system will perform adequately or not. Technological feasibility is carried out to determine whether the company has the capability, in terms of software, hardware, personnel and expertise, to handle the completion of the project. When writing a feasibility report the following should be taken to consideration:

• A brief description of the business to assess more possible factor/s which could affect the study 
• 
  
•  The part of the business being examined 
• 
  
•  The human and economic factor 
• 
  
•  The possible solutions to the problems 

At this level, the concern is whether the proposal is both technically and legally feasible (assuming moderate cost).



Economic feasibility

Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the system. An entrepreneur must accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action.

Cost-based study: It is important to identify cost and benefit factors, which can be categorized as follows: 1. Development costs; and 2. Operating costs. This is an analysis of the costs to be incurred in the system and the benefits derivable out of the system.

Time-based study: This is an analysis of the time required to achieve a return on investments. The future value of a project is also a factor.

Operational feasibility

Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.

How to Talk to Users [for analyst members of a JAD team]

●      Encourage users to speak up. Don't assume they understand that they carry equal authority on the team.

●      Ask probing questions about how users do their work, even about points that seem obvious. Ask why they so something as well as "what" and "how."

●      Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something is "common knowledge."

●      Ask for clarification. Don't assume you are the only one confused. If users start talking office-lingo, bring them gently back down to Earth.

●      Restate the user's points in your own words to make sure you understand each other.

●      Avoid technical explanations and computer jargon. if you must use technical terminology, provide a list of terms and definitions.

●      Mention problems that you see when you see them. Don't assume that users are not mentioning something because it's okay.

●      Be clear about your schedule for implementing features. Provide frequent opportunities to reevaluate and discuss the "to do " list.

●      Make a distinction between features which will not be implemented because they are technically impossible and those for which there simply isn't time. Be gentle when dealing with ideas which are impractical.

●      Be open to ideas and maintain a non-judgmental stance.

 

How to Talk to Analysts [for user members of a JAD team]

●      Don't be bashful. Analysts on the team are counting on you to tell what you know and to correct their misconceptions and oversights.

●      Help the analyst to understand how your work is done. Provide a context for your remarks. Give examples.

●      Ask for the features you need to do your work. Don't assume that your needs are unimportant or impossible to meet.

●      Ask for the features that make your work easier, even in small ways.

●      Make a distinction between features you must have and those that would be nice for you. Set priorities and make them clear to the analyst

●      Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something you know is "common knowledge."

●      Ask for clarification. Don't assume that you are the only one confused. If an analyst starts talking " computerate," bring them gently back down to Earth.

●      Restate the analyst's points in your own words to make sure you understand each other.

●      Mention problems that you see when you see them. Don't assume problems will " get worked out later."

●      Discuss needs you will have after the system is finished. Plan ahead for working independently once the analyst has gone on to other projects. 

●   Be open to ideas and maintain a non-judgmental stance.